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VEGF family (vascular endothelial growth factors)
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Mediate vascular permeability, endothelial proliferation, migration, and survival
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FGF family (fibroblast growth factors)
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Have roles in neuronal signaling, inflammatory processes, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasion
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PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
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Induces angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and migration in synergy with transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) and EGF
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EGF (epidermal growth factor)
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Involved in tumor proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and wound healing
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Angiopoietins (Ang1, Ang2)
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Endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, focal contact formation, and migration
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Angiopoietin-related growth factors
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For example, ANGPTL3, FARP, PGAR
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TIE receptors (TIE1, TIE2)
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Essential in embryonic angiogenesis; endothelial motility
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Eph receptors and Ephrins
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Promote migration, repulsion, adhesion and attachment to the extracellular matrix via integrins
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HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)
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Neuronal survival factor; proliferation, migration and differentiation of various cell types
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TP (thymidine phosphorylase)
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Induces endothelial chemotaxis
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NPY (neuropeptide Y)
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Endothelial cell adhesion, migration and differentiation into capillaries
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Factors affecting the basement membrane and extracellular matrix
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TF (tissue factor)
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Upregulates VEGF on endothelial cells; starts coagulation process, leading to creation of two pro-thrombin fragments
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Thrombin
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Endothelial and tumor cell mitogen, increases metastasis in vivo
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uPA (plasminogen activator, urokinase)
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Only expressed in angiogenic endothelium; has a role in preventing excessive extracellular membrane proteolysis
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tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
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Role in angiogenesis, as it is inhibited by angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin
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Plasmin
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Scavenges α2-antiplasmin and α2-macroglobulin
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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
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Release extracellular membrane-bound growth factors
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Chymases
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Role in proteolysis
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Heparanases
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Role in proteolysis
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Integrins
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Role in attachment of endothelial cells to basement membrane, extracellular membrane, and other endothelial cells
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