Table 1 Angiogenesis factors
Factors affecting endothelial proliferation and migration | |
|---|---|
VEGF family (vascular endothelial growth factors) | Mediate vascular permeability, endothelial proliferation, migration, and survival |
FGF family (fibroblast growth factors) | Have roles in neuronal signaling, inflammatory processes, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasion |
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) | Induces angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and migration in synergy with transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) and EGF |
EGF (epidermal growth factor) | Involved in tumor proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and wound healing |
Angiopoietins (Ang1, Ang2) | Endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, focal contact formation, and migration |
Angiopoietin-related growth factors | For example, ANGPTL3, FARP, PGAR |
TIE receptors (TIE1, TIE2) | Essential in embryonic angiogenesis; endothelial motility |
Eph receptors and Ephrins | Promote migration, repulsion, adhesion and attachment to the extracellular matrix via integrins |
HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) | Neuronal survival factor; proliferation, migration and differentiation of various cell types |
TP (thymidine phosphorylase) | Induces endothelial chemotaxis |
NPY (neuropeptide Y) | Endothelial cell adhesion, migration and differentiation into capillaries |
Factors affecting the basement membrane and extracellular matrix | |
TF (tissue factor) | Upregulates VEGF on endothelial cells; starts coagulation process, leading to creation of two pro-thrombin fragments |
Thrombin | Endothelial and tumor cell mitogen, increases metastasis in vivo |
uPA (plasminogen activator, urokinase) | Only expressed in angiogenic endothelium; has a role in preventing excessive extracellular membrane proteolysis |
tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) | Role in angiogenesis, as it is inhibited by angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin |
Plasmin | Scavenges α2-antiplasmin and α2-macroglobulin |
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Release extracellular membrane-bound growth factors |
Chymases | Role in proteolysis |
Heparanases | Role in proteolysis |
Integrins | Role in attachment of endothelial cells to basement membrane, extracellular membrane, and other endothelial cells |